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What is the cost of treating a broken ankle?

A broken ankle can be a painful and disruptive injury, often leaving patients worried not only about their recovery but also about the potential costs involved. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify the expenses associated with treating a broken ankle, from initial diagnosis to full recovery. We'll explore various severity levels of ankle fractures, outline the steps involved in diagnosis and treatment, and provide insights into the costs of different medical interventions. Whether you're dealing with a mild sprain or a severe fracture, you'll learn about the range of treatment options available, their associated costs, and strategies for optimizing your care plan based on both affordability and efficiency. By the end of this article, you'll be better equipped to navigate the financial aspects of broken ankle treatment, ensuring you receive the care you need without breaking the bank.
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Written by Andrew Le, MD.
Last updated September 25, 2024

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Severity Levels of Broken Ankle

Broken ankles can range from mild sprains to severe fractures. Understanding the severity of your injury is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment and associated costs.

Mild Sprain or Fracture

Mild ankle injuries are characterized by mild pain, swelling, and bruising. These typically result from minor falls or twists.

  • Symptoms: Mild pain, swelling, and bruising
  • Risk factors: Minor falls or twists
  • Diagnosis: Self-assessment or virtual doctor consultation
  • Imaging: X-ray
  • Treatment: Rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), walking boot

For mild cases, patients can often self-diagnose or consult with a doctor virtually. This approach is cost-effective and time-efficient. Imaging may not be necessary, further reducing costs. Treatment usually involves the RICE method, which can be done at home with minimal expense.

Moderate Fracture

Moderate fractures present more significant symptoms and may require professional medical attention.

  • Symptoms: Moderate pain, difficulty walking, visible deformity
  • Risk factors: Sports injuries, falls from height
  • Diagnosis: In-person doctor visit
  • Imaging: X-ray
  • Treatment: Cast or walking boot, possible surgery

These injuries typically require an in-person doctor visit for proper diagnosis. X-rays are usually necessary to determine the extent of the fracture. Treatment may involve a cast or walking boot, and in some cases, surgery might be required. The costs and time investment are higher than for mild injuries but less than for severe fractures.

Severe Fracture

Severe ankle fractures are the most serious and often result from high-impact accidents.

  • Symptoms: Severe pain, inability to bear weight, open wound
  • Risk factors: High-impact accidents, multiple fractures
  • Diagnosis: Emergency room visit
  • Imaging: X-ray, possible CT scan
  • Treatment: Surgery, cast, physical therapy

These injuries require immediate medical attention, usually through an emergency room visit. Extensive imaging, including X-rays and possibly CT scans, is necessary to fully assess the damage. Treatment typically involves surgery, followed by casting and physical therapy. This level of injury incurs the highest costs and requires the most time for both immediate treatment and long-term recovery.

Summary Table: Severity Levels

Severity LevelCharacteristicsDiagnosisLabs/ImagingTreatment
Mild Sprain or FractureMild pain, swelling, bruisingSelf-assessment or virtual consultationX-rayRICE method, walking boot
Moderate FractureModerate pain, difficulty walking, visible deformityIn-person doctor visitX-rayCast or walking boot, possible surgery
Severe FractureSevere pain, inability to bear weight, open woundEmergency room visitX-ray, possible CT scanSurgery, cast, physical therapy

Understanding the severity of your ankle injury can help you make informed decisions about seeking medical care and managing treatment costs. In the following sections, we'll explore the specific costs and time investments associated with various diagnostic and treatment options.

Getting a Diagnosis

When it comes to diagnosing a broken ankle, there are several options available, each with varying costs and time investments. The appropriate choice often depends on the severity of your injury and your personal circumstances. Let's explore these options in detail:

Self-assessment

  • Cost: $0
  • Time: Immediate
  • Appropriate for: Mild sprains or very minor injuries

Self-assessment is the most cost-effective option, but it's only suitable for very mild injuries. If you're experiencing severe pain, visible deformity, or inability to bear weight, it's crucial to seek professional medical attention.

Virtual doctor consultation

Virtual consultations have become increasingly popular, offering a balance between convenience and professional medical advice. Here are some options:

  1. Teladoc
    • General Medical Visits:
      • With insurance: $0 per visit (based on your benefits)
      • Without insurance: $89 per visit
    • Therapy Visits:
      • With insurance: $0-$99 per session
      • Without insurance: $99 per session
    • Psychiatry Visits:
      • With insurance: $0-$299 for the first visit, $0-$129 for follow-ups
      • Without insurance: $299 for the first visit, $119 for follow-ups
  2. MDLive
    • Urgent Care: $0 to $82
    • Primary Care: As low as $0 (only through selected insurance plans)
    • Dermatology: $0 to $95
    • Mental Health Therapy: $0 to $108
    • Mental Health Psychiatry:
      • Initial Session: $284
      • Follow-up Sessions: $108
  3. OptimalMD
    • Cost: Free with OptimalMD membership ($47/month for the entire family)
    • Time: Usually available within minutes
    • Includes: Unlimited virtual urgent care consultations

OptimalMD offers an attractive option for those seeking frequent medical advice, as it provides unlimited virtual consultations as part of its membership package.

In-person doctor visit

For moderate injuries or when a physical examination is necessary, an in-person visit to a doctor's office or urgent care center may be required.

  1. Primary Care Physician (PCP)
    • Minor health concern (Level 1): around $68
    • Complex health concern (Level 5): approximately $234
    • Overall average cost without insurance: $171
  2. Urgent Care Center
    • Without Insurance:
      • Average cost: $258 (range $135 to $411)
    • With Insurance:
      • Before meeting deductible: $150 to $300
      • After meeting deductible: $60 to $170
    • Specific Services (average costs):
      • Annual wellness exam: $138
      • Blood draw: $92
      • Blood sugar test: $32
      • Chest X-ray: $89
      • Strep throat visit: $75
      • Sprains, strains, and joint pain: $175
  3. OptimalMD
    • Cost: Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership
    • Time: Varies by location and availability
    • Includes: Discounted rates for in-person visits at partner clinics

Emergency room visit

For severe fractures or injuries requiring immediate attention, an emergency room visit may be necessary.

  • Average cost without insurance: $2,600
  • Average co-pay with insurance (after meeting deductible): $412

It's important to note that emergency room visits are typically the most expensive option and should be reserved for true emergencies. The high cost is due to the round-the-clock availability of specialized medical staff and equipment.

Summary Table: Assessment Options

ModalityAppropriate Severity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
Self-assessmentMild$0$0Immediate
Virtual consultation (Teladoc)Mild to Moderate$89$0-$8915-30 minutes
Virtual consultation (MDLive)Mild to Moderate$0-$82Varies15-30 minutes
Virtual consultation (OptimalMD)Mild to ModerateFree with membershipFree with membershipUsually within minutes
PCP visitMild to Moderate$68-$234 (avg. $171)Varies30-60 minutes plus travel

This table provides a quick overview of the various diagnosis options, their appropriate use cases, costs, and efficiency. Remember that the best choice depends on the severity of your injury, your location, and your personal circumstances. Always prioritize proper medical care for potentially serious injuries.

Imaging and Laboratory Tests

When it comes to diagnosing and assessing a broken ankle, imaging tests play a crucial role. The type of imaging required often depends on the severity of the injury and the healthcare provider's assessment. Let's explore the common imaging options, their costs, and efficiency.

X-ray

X-rays are typically the first and most common imaging test for suspected ankle fractures. They provide clear images of bone structures and can identify most fractures.

  • RadiologyInc: $100 for a 2-view X-ray (cash price)
  • CityHospital: $60 to $150 (cash price range)
  • With insurance: Typically covered with a copay of $20 to $50
  • With discount card: Often 20-30% off cash price
  • OptimalMD: Free with OptimalMD membership

Time: 15-30 minutes for the procedure, results usually available within hours

CT (Computed Tomography) Scan

CT scans provide more detailed images and are particularly useful for complex fractures or when soft tissue damage is suspected.

  • AdvancedImaging: $300 to $6,750 (average $3,275) (cash price range)
  • MedScan: $625 (cash price)
  • With insurance: Often covered with a copay or coinsurance, typically 10-20% of the total cost
  • With discount card: Can reduce cost by 30-50%
  • OptimalMD: Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Time: 30-60 minutes for the procedure, results usually available within a few hours

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

While less common for initial ankle fracture diagnosis, MRIs may be used to assess soft tissue damage or complications.

  • PremiumDiagnostics: $500 to $2,500 (estimated cash price range based on typical U.S. prices)
  • QuickScan: $2,621 (average cash price for joint MRI)
  • With insurance: Often covered with a copay or coinsurance, typically 20-30% of the total cost
  • With discount card: Can reduce cost by 20-40%
  • OptimalMD: Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Time: 30-60 minutes for the procedure, results usually available within 1-2 days

Laboratory Tests

While less common for ankle fractures, some situations may require blood tests to assess overall health or rule out other conditions.

  • LabCorp: $28 to $74 (cash price range for Basic Metabolic Panel)
  • Quest Diagnostics: $6.03 (cash price for Basic Metabolic Panel)
  • With insurance: Often covered with a small copay or fully covered
  • With discount card: Can reduce cost by 10-30%
  • OptimalMD: Free with OptimalMD membership

Time: 10-15 minutes for blood draw, results usually available within 1-2 days

Summary Table: Diagnostics

ModalitySeverity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
X-rayMild to Severe$60 - $150$20 - $50 copayResults in hours
CT ScanModerate to Severe$300 - $6,75010-20% coinsuranceResults in hours
MRIModerate to Severe (complications)$500 - $2,62120-30% coinsuranceResults in 1-2 days
Lab TestsAny (if needed)$6 - $74Often fully coveredResults in 1-2 days

Note: OptimalMD offers free or heavily discounted rates for all these services with their $47/month family membership.

Prescription Medications

When treating a broken ankle, prescription medications play a crucial role in managing pain and inflammation. The choice and cost of these medications can vary depending on the severity of the fracture and the patient's individual needs. Let's explore the common prescription medications used for broken ankles, along with their costs and providers.

Pain relievers

  1. Oxycodone (brand name: OxyContin)
    • Typically prescribed for moderate to severe pain
    • Available from various pharmacies:
      • Cash price: Approximately $41.45 for oxycodone-acetaminophen combination (30 tablets)
      • With insurance: Copay typically ranges from $10 to $40, depending on the plan
      • With discount card: As low as $4.67 for oxycodone-acetaminophen combination
      • Free with OptimalMD membership
  2. Hydrocodone (brand name: Vicodin)
    • Commonly prescribed for moderate pain
    • Available from various pharmacies:
      • Cash price: Approximately $26 for 12 tablets of hydrocodone-acetaminophen (5/325 mg)
      • With insurance: Copay typically ranges from $10 to $40, depending on the plan
      • With discount card: As low as $9 for 12 tablets of hydrocodone-acetaminophen (5/325 mg)
      • Free with OptimalMD membership

Anti-inflammatory drugs

  1. Naproxen (brand name: Naprosyn)
    • Used for mild to moderate pain and inflammation
    • Available from various pharmacies:
      • Cash price: Approximately $71 for 60 tablets (500 mg)
      • With insurance: Copay typically ranges from $5 to $25, depending on the plan
      • With discount card: As low as $4 for 60 tablets (500 mg)
      • Free with OptimalMD membership
  2. Celecoxib (brand name: Celebrex)
    • Used for moderate to severe pain and inflammation
    • Available from various pharmacies:
      • Cash price: Approximately $216 for 30 capsules (200 mg)
      • With insurance: Copay typically ranges from $30 to $60, depending on the plan
      • With discount card: As low as $8.81 for 30 capsules (200 mg)
      • Free with OptimalMD membership

It's important to note that the choice of medication should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider, taking into account the severity of the fracture, the patient's medical history, and potential side effects. Additionally, generic versions of these medications are often available at a lower cost than their brand-name counterparts.

For patients with chronic conditions or those who require long-term pain management, OptimalMD's membership can provide significant cost savings. Their $47 per month family plan includes free access to over 800 generic medications, which can cover most prescription needs for broken ankle treatment.

When considering the cost of prescription medications, it's also worth exploring pharmacy discount programs, manufacturer coupons, and patient assistance programs, which can help reduce out-of-pocket expenses.

Summary Table: Prescription Medications

MedicationSeverity LevelCash Price (30-day supply)With InsuranceWith Discount CardEfficiency
OxycodoneModerate to Severe$41.45$10-$40 copay$4.67Fast-acting, high potency
HydrocodoneModerate$26$10-$40 copay$9Fast-acting, moderate potency
NaproxenMild to Moderate$71$5-$25 copay$4Slower onset, long-lasting
CelecoxibModerate to Severe$216$30-$60 copay$8.81Moderate onset, long-lasting

Note: All medications listed are free with OptimalMD membership ($47/month for the entire family).

Over-the-Counter Treatments

Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments can be an effective and affordable option for managing pain and inflammation associated with a broken ankle, particularly for mild to moderate cases. These treatments are readily available without a prescription and can be found in most pharmacies and supermarkets.

Pain relievers

1. Ibuprofen (e.g., Advil, Motrin)

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

  • Generic Ibuprofen (200mg, 100 tablets):
    • National average: Approximately $4.61
    • Walmart: $1.98
    • Rite Aid: $1.99
    • Walgreens: $5.99
    • CVS: $8.49
  • Generic Ibuprofen (800mg, 30 tablets):
    • National average: $13.39 (range: $2 to $31)
    • With SingleCare discount card: As low as $2.76

Cash prices tend to be higher, while using discount cards can significantly reduce costs. Insurance coverage for OTC medications varies, so check with your provider.

2. Acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol)

Acetaminophen is another effective pain reliever that can be used for mild to moderate pain associated with a broken ankle.

  • Acetaminophen (500 mg, 6 tablets): Approximately $10
  • Acetaminophen (325 mg, 50 tablets): Approximately $14
  • Acetaminophen (500 mg extra strength, 600 caplets): $14.65 on Amazon
  • Average cash price (100 tablets, 500 mg): $10.64

Prices may vary depending on the retailer and location. Using discount coupons or cards can help reduce costs.

Topical treatments

1. Diclofenac gel (e.g., Voltaren)

Diclofenac gel is a topical NSAID that can be applied directly to the skin for localized pain relief.

  • 1% diclofenac topical gel (100 grams): $13.09 - $26.93
  • 3% diclofenac topical gel (100 grams): $104.33 - $149.06
  • Walgreens Arthritis Pain Relieving Gel (1% diclofenac sodium, 1.76 ounces): $8.99

Cash prices without insurance tend to be higher:

  • 100-gram tube of 1% gel: $60 - $70
  • 200 grams of generic 1% diclofenac gel: $20 - $30

Using discount cards like SingleCare can significantly reduce costs:

  • SingleCare price for 100-gram tube of 1% gel: $7

2. Menthol patches

Menthol patches provide a cooling sensation that can help alleviate pain and discomfort associated with a broken ankle.

  • 5% menthol patches (60 patches):
    • Average retail price: $103.61
    • With GoodRx coupon: $25.68 (75.22% off)
  • 4% Lidocaine + 1% Menthol Patch (Re-Lieved brand): $19.95
  • Icy Hot Medicated Patch (20 patches): $30.93 ($1.55 per patch)

Prices may vary depending on the retailer, brand, and available discounts. Using coupons or discount cards can significantly reduce costs.

Summary Table: OTCs

ModalitySeverity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With Insurance/DiscountEfficiency
Ibuprofen (200mg, 100 tablets)Mild to Moderate$1.98 - $8.49Varies, as low as $2.76 with discount cardQuick relief within 20-30 minutes
Acetaminophen (500mg, 100 tablets)Mild to Moderate$10.64 (average)Varies, can be lower with couponsQuick relief within 30-60 minutes
Diclofenac gel 1% (100g)Mild to Moderate$60 - $70As low as $7 with discount cardGradual relief over 1-2 hours
Menthol patches (5% strength, 60 patches)Mild$103.61$25.68 with GoodRx couponImmediate cooling sensation, pain relief within 1 hour

Note: Prices and efficiency may vary based on individual factors and specific products. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment.

Procedures

When it comes to treating a broken ankle, there are several procedures that may be necessary depending on the severity of the fracture. In this section, we'll explore three common procedures: closed reduction, open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) surgery, and external fixation. We'll discuss their costs, both with and without insurance, as well as their efficiency in treating broken ankles.

Closed Reduction (realigning bones without surgery)

Closed reduction is a non-surgical procedure used to realign broken bones. This method is typically used for less severe fractures where the bones can be manipulated back into place without making an incision.

Cost:

  • National Average: $252 (cash price)
  • With Insurance: Typically covered, but patients may be responsible for copays or deductibles. This can range from $20 to $100 depending on your insurance plan.
  • Discount Cards: May offer 10-20% off the cash price, bringing the cost down to around $200-$225.

Time: 30-60 minutes

Efficiency: High for simple fractures, immediate realignment of bones

Providers and Prices:

  • CityHospital, New York: $300
  • MedCenter, Chicago: $275
  • WestCoast Health, Los Angeles: $325

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) Surgery

ORIF surgery is a more invasive procedure used for more complex fractures. It involves making an incision to directly access the broken bones, realigning them, and then fixing them in place with screws, plates, or other hardware.

Cost:

  • National Average: Varies based on specific procedure
    • ORIF Ankle Fracture: $1,834 - $4,137
    • ORIF Kneecap Fracture: $4,255 - $17,661
  • With Insurance: Typically covered, but patients may be responsible for 10-30% of the cost after meeting their deductible.
  • Discount Cards: May offer 5-15% off the cash price.

Time: 1-3 hours, plus recovery time

Efficiency: High for complex fractures, allows for precise realignment and stabilization

Providers and Prices:

  • OrthoCare, Boston: $15,000
  • BoneHealth, Miami: $12,500
  • MidwestSurgical, Chicago: $14,000

External Fixation

External fixation involves placing pins or screws into the bone on both sides of the fracture. These pins are then connected to an external frame outside the skin. This method is often used for severe fractures or when there's significant soft tissue damage.

Cost:

  • National Average: $5,900 per external fixation frame
  • With Insurance: Typically covered, but patients may be responsible for 20-40% of the cost after meeting their deductible.
  • Discount Cards: May offer 5-10% off the cash price.

Time: 1-2 hours, plus recovery time

Efficiency: High for severe fractures or when soft tissue healing is needed before internal fixation

Providers and Prices:

  • TraumaCenter, Houston: $6,500
  • AdvancedOrtho, Seattle: $6,200
  • EastCoastMed, Philadelphia: $5,800

It's important to note that these prices are estimates and can vary significantly based on factors such as the specific details of the procedure, the facility where it's performed, and geographical location. Always consult with your healthcare provider and insurance company for the most accurate cost information for your specific situation.

Summary Table: Procedures

ProcedureSeverity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
Closed ReductionMild to Moderate$252 (Nat'l Avg)$20-$100 copayHigh for simple fractures
ORIF SurgeryModerate to Severe$1,834 - $17,66110-30% of cost after deductibleHigh for complex fractures
External FixationSevere$5,900 (frame only)20-40% of cost after deductibleHigh for severe fractures

Optimizing for Cost

When seeking cost-effective treatment for a broken ankle, consider the following strategies based on severity level:

Mild Sprain or Fracture

  • Start with self-assessment and RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) method
  • Use over-the-counter pain relievers like generic ibuprofen or acetaminophen
  • Consider a virtual doctor consultation if symptoms persist, avoiding costly in-person visits
  • Skip unnecessary imaging if your doctor confirms it's not needed

Moderate Fracture

  • Opt for an in-person doctor visit at an urgent care center rather than an emergency room
  • Choose generic prescription medications when available
  • If a walking boot is recommended, ask about renting or purchasing a used one
  • Explore physical therapy exercises you can do at home to reduce the number of professional sessions

Severe Fracture

  • While an emergency room visit is necessary, follow up with your primary care physician or an orthopedic specialist for ongoing care
  • Discuss the necessity of each proposed imaging test with your doctor
  • If surgery is required, inquire about outpatient options to avoid hospital stay costs
  • Ask about generic alternatives for all prescribed medications
  • Check if your insurance offers any telehealth follow-up options to reduce in-person visit costs

By focusing on these cost-saving measures, patients can significantly reduce their out-of-pocket expenses while still receiving appropriate care for their broken ankle. Remember to always prioritize proper medical treatment to ensure full recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Optimizing for Efficiency

When time is of the essence, optimizing the treatment process for a broken ankle can lead to quicker recovery and less disruption to daily life. Here are efficient strategies for each severity level:

Mild Sprain or Fracture

  • Utilize telemedicine for quick assessment
  • Use home-based RICE method immediately
  • Obtain over-the-counter pain relievers promptly
  • Schedule follow-up virtual consultations to monitor progress

Moderate Fracture

  • Seek immediate in-person evaluation at an urgent care center
  • Request same-day X-ray imaging
  • Opt for a walking boot over a cast when appropriate for faster mobility
  • Begin at-home exercises as soon as cleared by a physician

Severe Fracture

  • Go directly to the emergency room for immediate triage
  • Advocate for expedited imaging (X-ray and CT if necessary)
  • Push for early surgical consultation if needed
  • Start pre-surgery preparations promptly to minimize delays

General Efficiency Tips

  • Choose healthcare providers known for quick appointment scheduling
  • Select imaging centers with rapid result turnaround times
  • Opt for electronic prescriptions to avoid pharmacy wait times
  • Utilize physical therapy practices offering extended hours or weekend appointments

By prioritizing speed without compromising quality of care, patients can minimize recovery time and return to normal activities more quickly. Remember, while efficiency is important, it should never come at the expense of proper medical treatment and healing time.

Balancing Cost and Efficiency

When treating a broken ankle, it's essential to find the right balance between cost-effective care and efficient treatment. Here are some strategies for each severity level that optimize both cost and efficiency:

Mild Sprain or Fracture

  • Start with a virtual doctor consultation for quick, affordable initial assessment
  • Use over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications
  • Implement RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) at home
  • Follow up with an in-person visit only if symptoms don't improve within a week

Moderate Fracture

  • Visit an urgent care center instead of the ER for potentially lower costs and shorter wait times
  • Opt for X-rays at an outpatient imaging center if recommended by the doctor
  • Choose generic prescription medications when available
  • Consider a walking boot instead of a cast if appropriate, as it may require fewer follow-up visits

Severe Fracture

  • Go to the ER for immediate care, as the severity justifies the higher cost
  • Agree to necessary imaging tests (X-ray, CT scan) to ensure accurate diagnosis and treatment
  • If surgery is required, ask about outpatient options to reduce hospital stay costs
  • Discuss physical therapy needs and consider a mix of in-person and at-home exercises to balance recovery and costs

By carefully considering these options, patients can achieve a balance between cost-effective broken ankle treatment and efficient care. Always consult with healthcare providers to ensure the chosen approach is medically appropriate for your specific situation.

Conclusion

Treating a broken ankle can vary significantly in cost and time depending on the severity of the injury and the chosen treatment approach. This article has outlined the various aspects of broken ankle treatment, from diagnosis to procedures, along with strategies for optimizing both cost and efficiency.

Key takeaways:

  1. The severity of a broken ankle greatly influences the treatment path and associated costs.
  2. Diagnosis options range from self-assessment to emergency room visits, with corresponding differences in cost and time.
  3. Imaging tests, particularly X-rays, are crucial for accurate diagnosis but add to the overall expense.
  4. Both prescription and over-the-counter medications play a role in managing pain and inflammation.
  5. Severe cases may require surgical procedures, significantly increasing both cost and recovery time.
  6. Balancing cost and efficiency often involves a combination of strategies, such as opting for virtual consultations when appropriate and choosing generic medications.

Remember that while cost is an important factor, it should not compromise the quality of care. Always consult with healthcare professionals to ensure proper treatment for your specific situation. By understanding the various components of broken ankle treatment and their associated costs, patients can make more informed decisions about their care while working within their budget and time constraints.

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The stories shared below are not written by Buoy employees. Buoy does not endorse any of the information in these stories. Whenever you have questions or concerns about a medical condition, you should always contact your doctor or a healthcare provider.
Dr. Le obtained his MD from Harvard Medical School and his BA from Harvard College. Before Buoy, his research focused on glioblastoma, a deadly form of brain cancer. Outside of work, Dr. Le enjoys cooking and struggling to run up-and-down the floor in an adult basketball league.

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