Skip to main content
Read about

What is the cost of treating chlamydia?

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women, and understanding the costs associated with its treatment is crucial for many patients. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify the financial aspects of chlamydia treatment for females, from diagnosis to recovery. We'll explore various severity levels of the infection, break down the costs of different diagnostic methods, tests, medications, and treatment options, and provide time estimates for each step of the process. Whether you're concerned about potential exposure, experiencing symptoms, or simply want to be informed, this article will equip you with the knowledge to make cost-effective decisions about your healthcare. We'll also discuss strategies for optimizing your treatment plan based on cost, efficiency, or a balance of both, helping you navigate the healthcare system with confidence. By the end of this article, you'll have a clear understanding of what to expect when seeking treatment for chlamydia, both medically and financially.
Tooltip Icon.
Written by Andrew Le, MD.
Medically reviewed by
Last updated August 28, 2024

Try our free symptom checker

Get a thorough self-assessment before your visit to the doctor.

Severity Levels of Chlamydia (Female)

Chlamydia in females can present in various severity levels, ranging from asymptomatic to severe infections. Understanding these levels is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Asymptomatic Infection

  • Symptoms: None
  • Risk factors: Multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex
  • Diagnosis: Regular STI screening
  • Imaging/Labs: Urine test or swab
  • Treatment: Oral antibiotics

Asymptomatic chlamydia is common and potentially dangerous, as it can go undetected while causing damage to the reproductive system. Regular screenings are essential for sexually active individuals.

Mild to Moderate Infection

  • Symptoms: Abnormal vaginal discharge, painful urination
  • Risk factors: Same as asymptomatic
  • Diagnosis: In-person or virtual doctor visit
  • Imaging/Labs: Urine test or swab
  • Treatment: Oral antibiotics

When symptoms appear, they're often mild and can be mistaken for other conditions. Prompt medical attention is important to prevent the infection from progressing.

Severe Infection / Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  • Symptoms: Severe pelvic pain, fever, nausea
  • Risk factors: Untreated mild/moderate infection
  • Diagnosis: Emergency room visit
  • Imaging/Labs: Urine test, swab, possible ultrasound
  • Treatment: Intravenous antibiotics, possible hospitalization

Severe chlamydia infections can lead to PID, a serious condition that requires immediate medical intervention. Early treatment of milder infections is key to preventing this stage.

Summary Table: Severity Levels

Severity LevelCharacteristicsDiagnosisLabs/ImagingTreatment
AsymptomaticNo symptoms; High risk sexual behaviorRegular STI screeningUrine test or swabOral antibiotics
Mild to ModerateAbnormal discharge; Painful urinationIn-person or virtual doctor visitUrine test or swabOral antibiotics
Severe / PIDSevere pelvic pain; Fever; NauseaEmergency room visitUrine test, swab, possible ultrasoundIV antibiotics; Possible hospitalization

Understanding these severity levels can help individuals recognize when to seek medical attention and what to expect in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Early detection and treatment are crucial in preventing long-term complications and reducing the spread of chlamydia.

Getting a Diagnosis

When it comes to diagnosing chlamydia in females, there are several options available, each with its own cost and time considerations. Let's explore these options in detail:

At-home testing kit

At-home testing kits offer a convenient and private way to test for chlamydia. Here are some options:

  • EverlyWell: $169.00 (cash price)
  • myLAB Box: $79-$369 depending on the panel (cash price)
  • LetsGetChecked: $99-$299 depending on the panel (cash price)
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

Most at-home testing kits are not covered by insurance. Results typically take 1-5 days after the lab receives your sample.

Virtual doctor consultation

Virtual consultations offer a quick and convenient way to discuss symptoms and get a prescription for testing or treatment.

  • Teladoc:
    • With insurance: $0-$89 per visit
    • Without insurance: $89 per visit
  • MDLive:
    • With insurance: $0-$82 per visit
    • Without insurance: $82 per visit
  • Doctor on Demand:
    • With insurance: $0-$129 per visit
    • Without insurance: $129 per visit
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

Virtual consultations typically take 15-30 minutes, and you can often get same-day appointments.

In-person doctor visit

For those who prefer face-to-face interactions or need a physical examination, in-person doctor visits are available.

  • Planned Parenthood:
    • With insurance: Often covered, may have copay
    • Without insurance: $0-$250 (sliding scale based on income)
  • Primary care physician:
    • With insurance: $15-$25 copay + possible additional fees
    • Without insurance: $100-$200
  • Urgent care clinic:
    • With insurance: $20-$50 copay + possible additional fees
    • Without insurance: $100-$200
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

In-person visits typically take 30-60 minutes, with results available in 1-3 days.

Emergency room visit

For severe symptoms or complications, an emergency room visit may be necessary.

  • Average ER visit cost:
    • With insurance: $100-$300 copay + 10-50% coinsurance
    • Without insurance: $1,000-$3,000+
  • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Emergency room visits can take 2-6 hours, but results are typically available the same day.

Summary Table: Assessment Options

ModalityAppropriate Severity Level(s)Price with InsurancePrice without InsuranceEfficiency
At-home testing kitAsymptomatic, MildNot typically covered$79-$3691-5 days
Virtual consultationMild, Moderate$0-$129$82-$12915-30 minutes
In-person doctor visitMild, Moderate$15-$25 copay + fees$100-$25030-60 minutes, 1-3 days for results
Emergency room visitSevere$100-$300 copay + 10-50% coinsurance$1,000-$3,000+2-6 hours, same-day results
OptimalMDAll levels$47/month for family$47/month for familyVaries by service

Note: OptimalMD offers free virtual urgent care, zero-cost generic medications, and heavily discounted labs, procedures, and imaging, all included in their $47 per month family membership.

Imaging and Laboratory Tests

Imaging and laboratory tests are crucial for accurately diagnosing chlamydia and assessing its severity. The most common tests include urine tests, vaginal/cervical swabs, blood tests, and in severe cases, pelvic ultrasounds. Let's explore each of these options, their costs, and time frames.

Urine Test

A urine test is often the first-line diagnostic tool for chlamydia. It's non-invasive and highly accurate.

Quest Diagnostics:

  • Cash price: Varies, typically $80-$200
  • With insurance: Often covered, but copay may apply
  • With discount card: Usually 20-30% off cash price
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

LabCorp:

  • Cash price: $169.00
  • With insurance: Often covered, but copay may apply
  • With discount card: Usually 15-25% off cash price
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

Time: Results typically available in 1-3 days

Vaginal/Cervical Swab

A vaginal or cervical swab is another accurate method for diagnosing chlamydia, often performed during a pelvic exam.

Planned Parenthood:

  • Cash price: $135-$180 for visit, plus $40-$80 for the test
  • With insurance: Often fully covered
  • With discount card: Usually 10-20% off cash price
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

CVS MinuteClinic:

  • Cash price: $59-$159
  • With insurance: Often covered, but copay may apply
  • With discount card: Usually 10-15% off cash price
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

Time: Results typically available in 1-3 days

Blood Test (for complications)

While not typically used to diagnose chlamydia itself, blood tests may be ordered to check for complications or co-infections.

Any Lab Test Now:

  • Cash price: Varies by location, typically $200-$400
  • With insurance: May be covered, but often requires pre-authorization
  • With discount card: Usually 10-20% off cash price
  • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Walk-In Lab:

  • Cash price: $84
  • Credit card price: $90
  • With insurance: Not typically accepted
  • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Time: Results typically available in 1-3 days

Pelvic Ultrasound (for severe cases)

In severe cases or when complications are suspected, a pelvic ultrasound may be ordered.

RadNet:

  • Cash price: Varies by state, $250-$304
  • With insurance: Often covered, but copay and deductible may apply
  • With discount card: Usually 15-25% off cash price
  • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Hospital-based radiology department:

  • Cash price: $379-$568, depending on hospital and specific service
  • With insurance: Often covered, but copay and deductible may apply
  • With discount card: Usually 10-20% off cash price
  • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Time: 30-60 minutes for the procedure, results often available immediately

Summary Table: Diagnostics

ModalitySeverity LevelPrice without InsurancePrice with InsuranceEfficiency
Urine TestAll levels$80-$200Often covered, copay may applyResults in 1-3 days
Vaginal/Cervical SwabAll levels$135-$260Often covered, copay may applyResults in 1-3 days
Blood TestComplicated cases$84-$400May be covered, pre-authorization often requiredResults in 1-3 days
Pelvic UltrasoundSevere cases$250-$568Often covered, copay and deductible may applyImmediate results

Note: All tests are free or heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership at $47/month for the entire family.

Prescription Medications

When treating chlamydia in females, several prescription medications are commonly used. The choice of medication depends on the severity of the infection, patient allergies, and other individual factors. Let's explore the options, their costs, and availability.

Azithromycin (Zithromax)

Azithromycin is often the first-line treatment for chlamydia, typically prescribed as a single dose.

  • Brand name (Zithromax):
    • Cash price: around $82.73 for 6 tablets
  • Generic version:
    • Cash price: ranges from $22.11 to $47.33 for a 3-tablet course
  • With insurance:
    • Copay typically ranges from $10 to $50, depending on the plan
  • With discount cards:
    • As low as $3.90 for a 250 mg dose or $9 for a 500 mg dose
  • OptimalMD:
    • Free with OptimalMD membership

Doxycycline

Doxycycline is another common treatment for chlamydia, usually prescribed as a 7-day course.

  • Brand name (various options including Vibramycin, Doryx, Oracea):
    • Prices vary widely, typically more expensive than generic versions
  • Generic version:
    • Cash price: around $120 for a 7-day course (20 tablets)
  • With insurance:
    • Copay typically ranges from $10 to $50, depending on the plan
  • With discount cards:
    • As low as $3 for twenty 100 mg capsules
  • OptimalMD:
    • Free with OptimalMD membership

Ofloxacin (for complicated infections)

Ofloxacin is sometimes used for more complicated chlamydial infections or in cases where first-line treatments are not suitable.

  • Brand name:
    • Prices not provided, typically more expensive than generic versions
  • Generic version:
    • Cash price ranges from $10 to $17 for ophthalmic or otic solutions
  • With insurance:
    • Copay typically ranges from $10 to $50, depending on the plan
  • OptimalMD:
    • Free with OptimalMD membership

It's important to note that the prices provided for Ofloxacin are for ophthalmic and otic solutions, which are not typically used for treating chlamydia. For chlamydia treatment, oral tablets would be prescribed, and the pricing may differ. Always consult with your healthcare provider for the most appropriate treatment and accurate pricing information.

Summary Table: Prescription Medications

MedicationSeverity LevelPrice without InsurancePrice with InsuranceEfficiency
Azithromycin (Zithromax)Mild to Moderate$22-$83 (brand name)$22-$47 (generic)$10-$50 copayHigh (single dose)
DoxycyclineMild to Moderate$120 for 7-day course$10-$50 copayModerate (7-day course)
OfloxacinComplicated infectionsVaries (oral tablet pricing not available)$10-$50 copayModerate (typically 7-day course)
Any of the above with OptimalMDAll levelsFree with $47/month membershipN/AVaries by medication

Note: Prices are approximate and may vary based on location, pharmacy, and specific insurance plans. OptimalMD offers free medications as part of their monthly membership fee.

Over-the-Counter Treatments

Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments can be helpful in managing symptoms associated with chlamydia, although they are not a substitute for prescription antibiotics. These treatments are generally used to alleviate discomfort while waiting for antibiotics to take effect or to support overall health during treatment.

Pain Relievers

Pain relievers such as ibuprofen can help manage discomfort associated with chlamydia symptoms. Here are some common options:

  1. Ibuprofen (generic)
    • National average price: Approximately $0.15 per tablet
    • Examples:
      • Walgreens: $3.99 for 20 tablets ($0.20 per tablet)
      • Walmart: $6.78 for 80 tablets ($0.085 per tablet)
      • CVS Pharmacy: $0.179 per tablet (pack size not specified)
  2. Advil (brand name ibuprofen)
    • National average price: Approximately $0.08 - $0.10 per tablet for larger quantities
    • Example:
      • Walgreens: $24.99 for 300 tablets ($0.08 per tablet)

It's important to note that prices may vary depending on location, promotions, and whether you're using insurance or discount cards. Many pharmacies offer their own generic versions at lower prices, and discount cards like GoodRx can provide additional savings.

Probiotics

Probiotics can help maintain vaginal health and may be recommended during antibiotic treatment for chlamydia. Here are some common probiotic options:

  1. Generic Probiotics
    • National average price: Approximately $0.02 - $0.20 per capsule, depending on strength and quantity
    • Examples:
      • Walmart: $16.88 for 1000+ capsules ($0.017 per capsule)
      • Amazon: $34.88 for 60 capsules ($0.58 per capsule) for a high-strength product
  2. Brand Name Probiotics
    • National average price: Approximately $0.30 - $1.00 per capsule
    • Example:
      • CVS Pharmacy: $31.79 for CVS Health Ultra Strength Probiotic Caplets (price per capsule not specified, but likely in this range)

As with pain relievers, probiotic prices can vary widely based on brand, strength, and quantity. Many health food stores and online retailers offer their own brands at competitive prices. It's worth comparing options and consulting with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate probiotic for your needs.

Summary Table: OTCs

ModalityAppropriate Severity Level(s)Price Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
Pain Relievers (e.g., Ibuprofen)All levels$0.08 - $0.20 per tabletUsually not covered, same as without insuranceHigh - provides quick symptom relief
ProbioticsAll levels, especially during antibiotic treatment$0.02 - $1.00 per capsuleUsually not covered, same as without insuranceModerate - may help prevent side effects of antibiotics

Note: Over-the-counter treatments are typically not covered by insurance, but some flexible spending accounts (FSAs) or health savings accounts (HSAs) may allow their purchase. Always check with your specific insurance provider or account administrator for details.

Procedures

Fortunately, most cases of chlamydia in females can be treated with oral antibiotics and do not require invasive procedures. However, in severe cases or when complications arise, hospitalization may be necessary. This section will focus on hospitalization as the primary procedure for treating severe chlamydia infections, particularly those that have progressed to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).

Hospitalization for Severe Chlamydia/PID

Hospitalization is typically required for severe cases of chlamydia that have progressed to PID, especially if the patient is pregnant, has not responded to oral antibiotics, or is too ill to take oral medications.

Duration: The average hospital stay for severe chlamydia/PID treatment is typically 2-5 days, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's response to treatment.

National Average Cost: According to our data, the average cost of a 3-day hospital stay in the United States is approximately $30,000. However, this can vary significantly based on location, specific treatments required, and individual hospital pricing.

Pricing Examples:

  • General Hospital (National Average): $30,000 for a 3-day stay
  • City Medical Center, New York City: $35,000 for a 3-day stay
  • Midwest Regional Hospital, Chicago: $28,000 for a 3-day stay
  • Southern Health System, Atlanta: $26,000 for a 3-day stay

Payment Options:

  1. Insurance: Most insurance plans cover hospitalization for severe infections. Patients typically pay a portion of the cost through deductibles and co-insurance. For example:
    • With a 20% co-insurance and $1,000 deductible, a patient might pay $6,800 out-of-pocket for a $30,000 hospital stay.
    • Some plans may have a fixed co-pay for hospital stays, such as $250 per day.
  2. Cash Price: Some hospitals offer discounted rates for patients paying cash. This could reduce the bill by 10-30%.
  3. Financial Assistance: Many hospitals offer financial assistance programs for patients who cannot afford their medical bills. These programs can significantly reduce or even eliminate the cost for eligible patients.
  4. Payment Plans: Most hospitals offer interest-free payment plans to help patients manage large bills over time.

What's Included:

  • Room and board
  • Nursing care
  • Intravenous antibiotics
  • Pain management
  • Monitoring and treatment of complications

Additional Costs to Consider:

  • Emergency room fees (if admitted through the ER)
  • Physician fees (which are often billed separately)
  • Additional tests or imaging studies
  • Follow-up care after discharge

It's important to note that while hospitalization can be expensive, it is crucial for treating severe cases of chlamydia/PID to prevent long-term complications such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Summary Table: Procedures

ModalitySeverity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With Insurance*Efficiency
HospitalizationSevere$26,000 - $35,000$1,000 - $7,000High for severe cases

*Insurance prices are estimates based on common plans. Actual costs may vary.

Remember, while the cost of hospitalization can be significant, it's essential for treating severe cases of chlamydia that have progressed to PID. Early detection and treatment of chlamydia can help avoid the need for hospitalization and its associated costs. Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment for your specific situation.

Optimizing for Cost

When optimizing for cost in chlamydia treatment for females, it's important to consider the most affordable options for each severity level while still ensuring effective care. Here's a breakdown of cost-effective strategies for each severity level:

Asymptomatic Infection

  1. Diagnosis: At-home testing kit
    • Lowest cost option for routine screening
    • Avoids doctor visit fees
  2. Imaging/Labs: Urine test
    • Generally cheaper than swab tests
    • Sufficient for detecting chlamydia
  3. Treatment: Generic azithromycin
    • Single-dose treatment
    • Often less expensive than multi-day courses

Mild to Moderate Infection

  1. Diagnosis: Virtual doctor consultation
    • More affordable than in-person visits
    • Allows for professional assessment without travel costs
  2. Imaging/Labs: Urine test or swab (as recommended by doctor)
    • Choose the option covered by insurance, if applicable
  3. Treatment: Generic doxycycline
    • Often less expensive than brand-name antibiotics
    • Effective for uncomplicated chlamydia infections
  4. Over-the-Counter: Generic ibuprofen for pain relief
    • More cost-effective than brand-name pain relievers

Severe Infection / Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  1. Diagnosis: In-person doctor visit
    • While more expensive than virtual options, it's necessary for proper assessment of severe cases
    • May prevent costly ER visits if caught early
  2. Imaging/Labs: Urine test, swab, and blood tests as necessary
    • Comprehensive testing is crucial for severe cases to prevent complications
  3. Treatment: Generic ofloxacin or combination of generic antibiotics as prescribed
    • Follow doctor's recommendations, but inquire about generic options when available
  4. Procedures: Outpatient treatment when possible
    • Avoid hospitalization if safe to do so, as it significantly increases costs

Cost-Saving Tips:

  • Always ask about generic medication options
  • Check if your insurance covers STI testing and treatment
  • Consider local health department clinics or Planned Parenthood for potentially lower-cost care
  • Use prescription discount cards or compare prices at different pharmacies
  • Don't skip follow-up appointments, as untreated or recurrent infections can lead to more expensive complications

Remember, while cost is an important factor, it should not compromise the quality of care. Always follow medical advice to ensure proper treatment and prevent long-term health issues that could be more costly in the future.

Optimizing for Efficiency

When it comes to treating chlamydia in females, efficiency can be crucial for preventing complications and reducing the spread of infection. This section outlines the most time-efficient approaches for each severity level of chlamydia infection.

Asymptomatic Infection

  1. Diagnosis: At-home testing kit
    • Time: 1-2 days for sample collection and mailing
    • Results typically available online within 3-5 days
  2. Treatment: Single-dose azithromycin (Zithromax)
    • Can be prescribed through telemedicine consultation
    • Medication can be taken immediately upon receiving the prescription

Total time from testing to treatment: Approximately 4-7 days

Mild to Moderate Infection

  1. Diagnosis: Virtual doctor consultation with same-day lab referral
    • Time: 15-30 minutes for consultation
    • Urine test or swab at a local lab: 30 minutes
  2. Treatment: Single-dose azithromycin (Zithromax)
    • E-prescribed immediately after consultation
    • Can be picked up from a pharmacy on the same day

Total time from first symptoms to treatment: Approximately 1-2 days

Severe Infection / Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  1. Diagnosis: Emergency room visit
    • Time: 2-4 hours for evaluation, including on-site testing
  2. Treatment: Immediate intravenous antibiotics
    • Begins during the ER visit
    • May require hospitalization for 2-3 days for severe cases

Total time from severe symptoms to treatment: Less than 24 hours

General Efficiency Tips

  1. Utilize telemedicine services for quick consultations and prescriptions when appropriate
  2. Choose pharmacies that offer same-day prescription filling and delivery services
  3. Opt for single-dose treatments when available to ensure complete medication adherence
  4. Schedule follow-up tests immediately after completing treatment to confirm cure
  5. Use reminder apps or services to ensure timely medication intake and follow-up appointments

By prioritizing efficiency in chlamydia treatment, patients can minimize the duration of infection, reduce the risk of complications, and lower the chance of transmission to sexual partners. However, it's important to note that while speed is beneficial, it should not come at the expense of thorough and appropriate medical care.

Balancing Cost and Efficiency

When it comes to treating chlamydia in females, finding the right balance between cost and efficiency is crucial. Here's a breakdown of recommended approaches for each severity level:

Asymptomatic Infection

  1. Diagnosis: At-home testing kit
    • Offers a good balance of cost-effectiveness and convenience
    • Allows for private testing without the need for a doctor's visit
  2. Treatment: Generic azithromycin
    • Single-dose treatment is both cost-effective and efficient
    • Can be prescribed through a follow-up virtual consultation if needed

Mild to Moderate Infection

  1. Diagnosis: Virtual doctor consultation followed by lab tests
    • Reduces costs associated with in-person visits
    • Allows for quick initial assessment and prompt ordering of necessary tests
  2. Treatment: Generic doxycycline
    • Cost-effective 7-day course
    • Can be prescribed during the virtual consultation for immediate start

Severe Infection / Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

  1. Diagnosis: In-person doctor visit or emergency room (depending on symptom severity)
    • Ensures proper evaluation of potentially serious condition
    • Allows for immediate testing and treatment initiation
  2. Treatment: Intravenous antibiotics (generic when available)
    • May require hospitalization for severe cases
    • Balances the need for aggressive treatment with cost considerations

General Considerations

  • Utilize insurance coverage when available to reduce out-of-pocket costs
  • Consider local sexual health clinics for potentially reduced-cost testing and treatment
  • Follow up with virtual consultations when possible to minimize additional visit costs
  • Prioritize adherence to treatment plans to avoid complications and additional expenses

By considering both cost and efficiency, patients can receive timely and effective treatment for chlamydia while managing healthcare expenses. Remember that early detection and treatment are key to preventing complications and reducing long-term health and financial impacts.

Conclusion

Treating chlamydia in females involves various costs depending on the severity of the infection and the chosen treatment approach. This article has explored the different aspects of chlamydia treatment, from diagnosis to medication, and their associated expenses.

Key takeaways include:

  1. Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing costs and preventing complications.
  2. Asymptomatic and mild cases can often be managed cost-effectively through at-home testing kits and virtual consultations.
  3. Generic medications are typically much more affordable than brand-name options and are equally effective.
  4. Severe cases requiring hospitalization are significantly more expensive, highlighting the importance of regular screening and prompt treatment.
  5. Balancing cost and efficiency often involves a mix of virtual and in-person care, depending on the severity of symptoms.

While managing expenses is important, it's crucial to prioritize proper medical care. Untreated chlamydia can lead to serious health complications, which can be far more costly in the long run. Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for your individual situation.

Remember, many clinics and public health departments offer free or low-cost STI testing and treatment options. Don't let financial concerns prevent you from seeking necessary care for chlamydia or any other sexual health issue.

By understanding the costs associated with chlamydia treatment, patients can make informed decisions about their healthcare while ensuring they receive appropriate and timely treatment.

Share your story
Once your story receives approval from our editors, it will exist on Buoy as a helpful resource for others who may experience something similar.
The stories shared below are not written by Buoy employees. Buoy does not endorse any of the information in these stories. Whenever you have questions or concerns about a medical condition, you should always contact your doctor or a healthcare provider.
Jeff brings to Buoy over 20 years of clinical experience as a physician assistant in urgent care and internal medicine. He also has extensive experience in healthcare administration, most recently as developer and director of an urgent care center. While completing his doctorate in Health Sciences at A.T. Still University, Jeff studied population health, healthcare systems, and evidence-based medi...
Read full bio

Was this article helpful?

Tooltip Icon.