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65 Practical Tips for Managing ADHD: Focus, Organization, and Well-Being

Cunniff, P. J., Ahsan, A., McCrary, C., Dien, T., Kuhn, T. H., Vazifedan, T., & Harrington, J. W. (2024). ADHD prescription patterns and medication adherence in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in an urban academic setting. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1). 

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Arnsten, A. F. T. (2023). Fundamentals of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Circuits and Pathways. Psychiatrist.com. Retrieved from 

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Steingard, R., Taskiran, S., Connor, D. F., Markowitz, J. S., & Stein, M. A. (2019). New formulations of stimulants: an update for clinicians. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 29(5), 324–339. 

Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2002). Efficacy of Adderall® for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 6(2), 69–75. 

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Shoar, N. S., Marwaha, R., & Molla, M. (2023). Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved from 

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Adderall IR vs Adderall XR: Finding the Best Option for ADHD

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Bourgeois, F. T., Kim, J. M., & Mandl, K. D. (2014). Premarket safety and efficacy studies for ADHD medications in children. PLoS One, 9(7), e102249. 

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Najib, J., Wimer, D., Thadavila, A., & others. (2017). Review of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 

Stein, M. A., Waldman, I. D., Charney, E., Aryal, S., Sable, C., Gruber, R., & Newcorn, J. H. (2011). Dose effects and comparative effectiveness of extended-release dexmethylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 21(6), 581-588. 

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Adderall vs Vyvanse for ADHD

Meinzer, M. C., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2017). ADHD and the development of Depression: commentary on the prevalence, proposed mechanisms, and promising interventions. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 4(1), 1–4. 

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Riglin, L., Leppert, B., Dardani, C., Thapar, A. K., Rice, F., O’Donovan, M. C., Smith, G. D., Stergiakouli, E., Tilling, K., & Thapar, A. (2020b). ADHD and depression: investigating a causal explanation. Psychological Medicine, 51(11), 1890–1897. 

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De La Peña, I. C., Pan, M. C., Thai, C. G., & Alisso, T. (2020b). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder predominantly inattentive Subtype/Presentation: Research progress and Translational studies. Brain Sciences, 10(5), 292. 

Magnus, W., Nazir, S., Anilkumar, A. C., & Shaban, K. (2023). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved from 

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Patel, R. K., Aslam, S. P., & Rose, G. M. (2024). Persistent depressive disorder. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved from 

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Meisinger, C., & Freuer, D. (2023b). Understanding the causal relationships of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with mental disorders and suicide attempt: a network Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ Mental Health, 26(1), e300642. 

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Kobayashi, N., Shimada, K., Ishii, A., Osaka, R., Nishiyama, T., Shigeta, M., Yanagisawa, H., Oka, N., & Kondo, K. (2024b). Identification of a strong genetic risk factor for major depressive disorder in the human virome. iScience, 109203. 

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Garcia-Argibay, M., Brikell, I., Thapar, A., Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S., Demontis, D., & Larsson, H. (2023). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and major Depressive Disorder: evidence from multiple genetically informed designs. Biological Psychiatry, 95(5), 444–452. 

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Powell, V., Riglin, L., Hammerton, G., Eyre, O., Martin, J., Anney, R., Thapar, A., & Rice, F. (2020). What explains the link between childhood ADHD and adolescent depression? Investigating the role of peer relationships and academic attainment. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(11), 1581–1591. 

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Ostrander, R., & Herman, K. C. (2006). Potential cognitive, parenting, and developmental mediators of the relationship between ADHD and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 89–98. 

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Humphreys, K. L., Katz, S. J., Lee, S. S., Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., & Najman, J. M. (2013). The association of ADHD and depression: Mediation by peer problems and parent–child difficulties in two complementary samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(3), 854–867. 

Meinzer, M. C., Hill, R. M., Pettit, J. W., & Nichols-Lopez, K. A. (2014). Parental support partially accounts for the covariation between ADHD and depressive symptoms in college students. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(2), 247–255. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9449-7

Gardner, A., Salmaso, D., Varrone, A., Sanchez-Crespo, A., Bejerot, S., Jacobsson, H., Larsson, S. A., & Pagani, M. (2009). Differences at brain SPECT between depressed females with and without adult ADHD and healthy controls: etiological considerations. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 5(1), 37. 

Ing, A., Sämann, P. G., Chu, C., Tay, N., Biondo, F., Robert, G., Jia, T., Wolfers, T., Desrivières, S., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Conrod, P., Fadai, T., Flor, H., Frouin, V., Garavan, H., Spechler, P. A., . . . Schumann, G. (2019). Identification of neurobehavioural symptom groups based on shared brain mechanisms. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(12), 1306–1318. 

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Sahmurova, A., Arikan, S., Gursesli, M. C., & Duradoni, M. (2022). ADHD Symptoms as a Stressor Leading to Depressive Symptoms among University Students: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress between ADHD and Depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11091. 

Seymour, K. E., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Iwamoto, D. K., Kurdziel, G., & MacPherson, L. (2013). Emotion regulation mediates the association between ADHD and depressive symptoms in a community sample of youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(4), 611–621. 

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Chronis, A. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Williams, S. H., Baumann, B. L., Kipp, H., Jones, H. A., & Rathouz, P. J. (2007). Maternal depression and early positive parenting predict future conduct problems in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 70–82. 

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Chronis-Tuscano, A., Molina, B. S. G., Pelham, W. E., Applegate, B., Dahlke, A., Overmyer, M., & Lahey, B. B. (2010). Very early predictors of adolescent depression and suicide attempts in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(10), 1044. 

https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.127

Chen, M., Pan, T., Hsu, J., Huang, K., Su, T., Li, C., Lin, W., Tsai, S., Chang, W., Chen, T., & Bai, Y. (2016). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbidity and antidepressant resistance among patients with major depression: A nationwide longitudinal study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(11), 1760–1767. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.369

Powell, V., Agha, S. S., Jones, R. B., Eyre, O., Stephens, A., Weavers, B., Lennon, J., Allardyce, J., Potter, R., Smith, D., Thapar, A., & Rice, F. (2021). ADHD in adults with recurrent depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 1153–1160. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.010

McIntosh, D., Kutcher, S., Binder, C., Levitt, A., Fallu, A., & Rosenbluth, M. (2009). Adult ADHD and comorbid depression: A consensus-derived diagnostic algorithm for ADHD. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 137. 

Guo, C., Assumpcao, L., & Hu, Z. (2021). Efficacy of Non-pharmacological Treatments on Emotional Symptoms of Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(4), 508–524. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547211001953

Huecker, M. R., Smiley, A., & Saadabadi, A. (2023). Bupropion. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved from 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470212/

ADHD and Depression: How the Two Conditions Interact

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, May 16). Data and statistics on ADHD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from 

https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/data/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html

Abramovitch, A., & Mittelman, A. (2013, Winter). OCD and ADHD dual diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and the cognitive 'cost' of obsessions. OCD Newsletter. Retrieved from 

https://iocdf.org/expert-opinions/expert-opinion-ocd-and-adhd-dual-diagnosis-misdiagnosis-and-the-cognitive-cost-of-obsessions/

ADHD and OCD: Differences and ADHD Management Tips

Bellato, A., Arora, I., Hollis, C., & Groom, M. J. (2020). Is autonomic nervous system function atypical in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? A systematic review of the evidence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 182-206. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.001

Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). The emerging neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The key role of the prefrontal association cortex. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.018

Hoogman, M., Bralten, J., Hibar, D. P., Mennes, M., Zwiers, M. P., Schweren, L., van Hulzen, K. J. E., Medland, S. E., Shumskaya, E., Jahanshad, N., de Zeeuw, P., Szekely, E., Sudre, G., Wolfers, T., Onnink, A. M. H., Dammers, J. T., Mostert, J. C., Vives-Gilabert, Y., Kohls, G., ... Franke, B. (2017). Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with ADHD across the lifespan: An ENIGMA collaboration. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(4), 310-319. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30049-4

Yadav, S. K., Bhat, A. A., Hashem, S., Nisar, S., Kamal, M., Syed, N., Temanni, M.-R., Gupta, R. K., Kamran, S., Azeem, M. W., Srivastava, A. K., Bagga, P., Chawla, S., Reddy, R., Frenneaux, M. P., Fakhro, K., & Haris, M. (2021). Genetic variations influence brain changes in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 11(349). 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01473-w

Froehlich, T. E., Anixt, J. S., Loe, I. M., Chirdkiatgumchai, V., Kuan, L., & Gilman, R. C. (2011). Update on environmental risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13(5), 333-344. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0221-3

ADHD Brains vs. Normal Brains: How Structural and Functional Differences Influence Behavior

Fedewa, A. L., & Erwin, H. E. (2011). Stability balls and students with attention and hyperactivity concerns: implications for on-task and in-seat behavior. The American journal of occupational therapy: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 65(4), 393–399. 

Gochenour, B. & Poskey, G. A. (2017). Determining the effectiveness of alternative seating systems for students with attention difficulties: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 10(3), 284-299. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/19411243.2017.1325817

Hoofman, J. (2018). Effects of alternative seating on children with disabilities. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Retrieved from 

Kaiser, Lyn & Potvin, Marie-Christine & Beach, Caitlin. (2020). Sensory-based interventions in the school setting: Perspectives of paraeducators. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy. 8. 1-11. 

Mayo Clinic. (2023). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from 

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350878

Pfeiffer, B., Henry, A., Miller, S., & Witherell, S. (2008). Effectiveness of Disc 'O' Sit cushions on attention to task in second-grade students with attention difficulties. The American journal of occupational therapy: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 62(3), 274–281. 

Stanić, V., Žnidarič, T., Repovš, G., & Geršak, G. (2022). Dynamic seat assessment for enabled restlessness of children with learning difficulties. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 22(9), 3170. 

Taipalus, A.C., Hixson, M.D., Kanouse, S.K., Wyse, R.D., & Fursa, S. (2017). Effects of therapy balls on children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavioral Interventions, 32(4), 418-426. 

Wu W.L., Wang, C.C., Chen, C.H., Lai. C.L., Yang. P.C., & Guo. L.Y. (2012). Influence of therapy ball seats on attentional ability in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 24, 1177–1182. 

ADHD Chairs for Children: Best ADHD Seating Solutions

Markho, M. H., Robinette, L. M., Dunn, S. B., & Hatsu, I. E. (2022). The benefits of a healthy diet for children with ADHD. Ohio State University Extension. Retrieved from 

Hemamy, M., Pahlavani, N., Amanollahi, A. et al. The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on the mental health status of attention-deficit hyperactive children: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 21, 178 (2021). 

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02631-1

Tseng, PT., Cheng, YS., Yen, CF. et al. Peripheral iron levels in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 8, 788 (2018). 

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19096-x

Bilici, M., Yildirim, F., Kandil, S., Bekaroğlu, M., Yildirmiş, S., Değer, O., Ulgen, M., Yildiran, A., & Aksu, H. (2004). Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 28(1), 181–190. 

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Hawkey, E., & Nigg, J. T. (2014). Omega-3 fatty acid and ADHD: blood level analysis and meta-analytic extension of supplementation trials. Clinical psychology review, 34(6), 496–505. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.005

Pinto, S., Correia-de-Sá, T., Sampaio-Maia, B., Vasconcelos, C., Moreira, P., & Ferreira-Gomes, J. (2022). Eating Patterns and Dietary Interventions in ADHD: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14(20), 4332. 

ADDA Editorial Team. (2022, November 4). ADHD diet for adults: Foods to eat and avoid. Attention Deficit Disorder Association. Retrieved from 

Mohammed, O., Raafat, E., Zaki, S. T., Alwakkad, A. S., Sabry, R. N., & Elsheikh, E. M. (2021). Diet modification impact on ADHD outcome. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(1), 1-8. 

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00466-x

Kim, Y., & Chang, H. (2011). Correlation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sugar consumption, quality of diet, and dietary behavior in school children. Nutrition research and practice, 5(3), 236–245. 

Ly, V., Bottelier, M., Hoekstra, P. J., Arias Vasquez, A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. (2017). Elimination diets' efficacy and mechanisms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 26(9), 1067–1079. 

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Butler, Alexandra, et al. “Mental Disorder in Children with Physical Conditions: A Pilot Study.” BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019011.

Bouchard, M. F., Bellinger, D. C., Wright, R. O., & Weisskopf, M. G. (2010). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and urinary metabolites of organophosphate pesticides. Pediatrics, 125(6), e1270–e1277. 

ADHD Diet

ADDA Editorial Team. (2024, August 1). ADHD masking: Does hiding your symptoms help or harm? Attention Deficit Disorder Association. Retrieved from 

Young, S., Adamo, N., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., Hill, P., Hollingdale, J., Kilic, O., Lloyd, T., Mason, P., Paliokosta, E., Perecherla, S., Sedgwick, J., Skirrow, C., Tierney, K., van Rensburg, K., & Woodhouse, E. (2020). Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women. BMC Psychiatry, 20(404). 

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Rivas-Vazquez, R. A., Diaz, S. G., Visser, M. M., & Rivas-Vazquez, A. A. (2023). Adult ADHD: Underdiagnosis of a treatable condition. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 49(1), 11–19. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42843-023-00077-w

Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD). (2022, March 17). Stimming and fidgeting helps some people with ADHD to pay attention. ADHD Weekly. Retrieved from 

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ADHD Masking: ADHD Strategies for Authentic Living

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